Calcium stones result from a progression of events through precipitation of Ca ox or CaP crystals, aggregation of crystals resulting in larger particles, adhesion of crystals/crystal aggregates to the epithelium of distal renal tubules and growth into a stone by addition of further crystals trapped from the tubular

• Joint pain or soreness.
• Swelling and pain in a joint, such as the big toe, ankle, or knee, or red skin around a joint.
• Joints that are hot to the touch.
• Swelling and pain that affects only 1 joint in the body.
• Skin that looks shiny and is red or purple.

• Blood in the urine.
• Flank pain or pain in the side or back. Pain is most often on one side. It is rarely felt on both sides. Pain is often severe. It may get worse over days. You may also feel pain in the pelvis, groin, genitals, or between the upper abdomen and back.